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On 12 January 1903, Igor Kurchatov was born in the Urals. Forty-six years later, under his direction, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb and ended America's nuclear monopoly four years after Hiroshima.

On 11 January 1879, Lord Chelmsford crossed the Buffalo River and the Anglo-Zulu War began. The British are easy villains in this story - and mostly deserve to be. But the story starts sixty years earlier, when the Zulu were doing the crushing themselves.

On 10 January 1778, Carl Linnaeus died in Uppsala after a series of strokes had already taken most of his memory. He left behind a two-word naming system that every biologist on Earth still uses.

On 9 January 1127, Jin forces took Bianjing, the Song capital, and seized both Emperor Qinzong and his retired father Huizong - China's greatest painter and its worst tactician. The Northern Song dynasty ended. The humiliation never did.

On 8 January 1297, François Grimaldi dressed as a Franciscan friar, knocked on the gates of the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco, and stabbed the garrison once they let him in. His family has ruled the place ever since. Monaco's coat of arms celebrates the trick to this day.

On 7 January 1558, Thomas Wentworth handed the keys of Calais to Francis, Duke of Guise. England had held the town since 1347. When the gates opened, two centuries of English France ended in a week.

On 6 January 1066, Harold Godwinson was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, the day after Edward the Confessor died. Nine months and eight days later, he was dead at Senlac Hill, and England would never speak the same language again.

On 5 January 1592, Shah Jahan was born in Lahore. He would build the most recognisable building on earth, preside over a quarter of global GDP, and spend his final eight years imprisoned in a tower with a direct view of the monument he had raised for his dead wife.

On 4 January 1643, Isaac Newton was born in a hamlet in Lincolnshire - a premature, posthumous child who would go on to invent calculus, write the greatest physics book ever published, and spend thirty years looking for the philosopher's stone.

On 3rd January 1833, Captain James Onslow sailed HMS Clio into Port Louis and told the Argentine commander to take down his flag and leave. It was not the first time someone had done this, and it would not be the last.