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On 23 July 1903, the Ford Motor Company delivered its first car with $223.65 left in the bank - to a Chicago dentist whose surname, fittingly, is the German word for a small coin. Everything the company built afterwards, its rivals eventually copied.
On 22 July 1706, English and Scottish commissioners struck the deal behind the Acts of Union. Scotland's negotiators were men whose fortunes had been wrecked by the Darien disaster - and the treaty they signed paid them back for it.
On 21 July 356 BC, Herostratus burned the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus - one of the Seven Wonders - so the world would know his name. Ephesus banned that name. The ban failed. The bargain is still on offer.
On 20 July 1885, the Football Association legalised professionalism after northern clubs threatened to walk away. That surrender made the Football League - and the global game we still argue about - possible.
On 18 July 1566, Bartolomé de las Casas died in Madrid after fifty years spent prosecuting Spain's own conquest. He had begun as an encomendero in Hispaniola, and he never stopped being inconvenient - then to the colonists, now to almost everyone who tries to claim him.
On 18 July 1817, Georg Anton Schäffer was forced off Kauai after trying to seize the Hawaiian islands for the Russian-American Company. Everyone remembers Alaska. Almost nobody remembers how close Russia came to a Pacific enclave.
On 17 July 1402, Zhu Di crowned himself the Yongle Emperor four days after his nephew's palace burned to the ground with three unidentifiable bodies inside. He then erased that reign from the calendar, had 873 people executed over one scholar's refusal to pick up a pen, and built one of the most productive 22 years in Chinese history.
On 16 July 1054, three papal legates laid a bull of excommunication on the altar of Hagia Sophia during the Saturday liturgy. The pope who had sent them had been dead for three months. Historians still call it the formal start of the Great Schism.
On 15 July 1099, Crusaders broke into Jerusalem after a five-week siege and three years of marching. Raymond of Aguilers described men riding through the Temple Mount in blood up to their horses' bridles.
On 14 July 1789, Parisians stormed the Bastille after four hours of fighting that killed 98 attackers and one defender. Inside, they found seven prisoners in a fortress the state had already scheduled for demolition.